This course examines the early formation of modern European visual culture, from Realism to the threshold of the 20th century. Painting, sculpture, printmaking, and photography are discussed in relation to various historical and ideological developments, including industrial capitalism and the rise of bourgeois society; urban culture and mass media; leisure and tourism; new gender roles; and European imperialism. The movements of Realism, Impressionism, and Post-Impressionism are treated in depth.